cuatro mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH4 (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).
Desk 1.
Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH4, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl
Philosophy is actually shown while the imply±SEM. Pee try amassed to own twenty four hours at six, twelve, and you can 18 wk to determine solute membership just like the discussed throughout the Concise Procedures.
K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).
Urine Supersaturation
K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.
Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Serum Profile
Solution degrees of calcium and PTH didn’t disagree between K-cit–fed and KCl-provided rats, when you are solution phosphate membership had been ;given rats ( Contour 3 ).
K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Brick Formation
K-cit did not alter the quantity of rocks formed or the amount off calcification about kidneys ( Shape 4 ). The rats designed stones from equivalent dimensions and thickness together with equivalent quantities of calcification during the renal and gathering system.
Kidney brick development and calcification was not additional during the mice given KCl otherwise K-cit. After brand new 18-few days studies, the the total amount from renal rocks and you can calcification try dependent on three observers once the revealed about To the level Methods. The quantity away from renal calcification was also computed while the revealed on To the level Measures. (A) Representative radiographs away from kidneys of rats searching KCl or K-cit. Calcification results to the images found are provided while the a reference. (B) Quantitation off brick creation and you can calcification in every mice searching KCl otherwise K-cit. Thinking was suggest±SEM.
Apparent rocks was in fact dissected of affiliate kidneys of each other communities and you will reviewed having amazingly morphology. The new diffraction models for all analyzed samples was basically congruent to your diffraction pattern of biologic apatite, a cap brick ( Shape 5 , top). Which have https://datingranking.net/tr/whiplr-inceleme/ the means to access signal electron microscopy (TEM), all the renal stone crystals had a baton- or needle-such as for example profile, similar to the morphology away from biologic apatite crystals ( Shape 5 , bottom) and instead of the octahedral crystal morphology regarding CaOx.